1. Amongst the many important functions of the RPE, it has the ability to phagocytosis and digest the rod outer segments which is shed on a daily basis. The malfunction of RPE leads to retinal diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa, Best''s disease, Stargardt''s disease, Leber''s congenital amaurosis and age-related macular degeneration.
RPE能吞噬脱落的视细胞外节膜盘(rod outer segment，ROS)，这对视细胞外节的更新及维持正常视觉功能至关重要，其功能障碍会导致严重视网膜疾病和一些严重的遗传性变性眼病，如Best病，Stargardt病和Leber先天性黑矇，年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration，AMD)等。
2. At least four types of photoreceptors could be identified in the retinal red rod, green rod, single and double cone. The ganglion cell fell into three groups according to its diameter: small ganglion cell (diameter0μ), median gan...
中央凹和视条纹上的节细胞密度分别为 2 2 0 0 0个/mm2 和 2 0 0 0 0个/mm2 。4 不同类型的神经节细胞在视网膜上的分布明显存在区域差别，中央区小型节细胞占94 %以上；大型节细胞主要分布在周边区。
3. retinal rod
3. We conclude that early, scotopically related OPs may indeed be activated in the single response to the first flash in DA (i. e. without using conditioning flashes). Secondly, on its own, adaptation to mesopic BGL does not seem to trigger enhancement of the overall oscillatory response. The altered single oscillatory response to the first flash apparent in the mesopic BGL comprises a third cone-associated OP and seems to reflect a reorganization of the retinal microcircuitry from a predominantly rod-activated system to one of mixed rod cone neuronal activity in the inner part of the retina at the level at which individual OPs have their respective origins.
暗适应相关振荡电位可由暗适应后的闪光刺激激发形成，中间亮度照明背景的适应没有增加总振荡电位波幅，新增加的和视锥细胞活动相关的第三波峰可能反映了视觉系统适应活动的重新整合，即从之前的以视杆细胞活动为主导，转为视杆/视锥细胞的共同作用。
4. Retinal cone cells and rod cells linked through their nerve fibers across the retina converge together to form the optic nerve, nerve impulse will spread to the occipital cortex, where complex visual information processing, and finally to produce visual image.
视网膜的锥体细胞和杆体细胞通过与其相连结的神经纤维穿过视网膜会聚在一起，形成视神经，它将神经冲动传到大脑皮层的枕叶，在这里对视觉信息进行复杂的加工，最后产生视觉映象。
5.
5. Although outnumbered more than 20:1 by rod photoreceptors, cone cells in the human eye mediate daylight vision and are critical for visual acuity and color discrimination. A variety of human retinal diseases, e. g.
尽管视杆细胞光感受器在数量上以20：1远远超过视锥细胞，然而人类眼中的视锥细胞担负着调节明视觉的重要任务，并对视力和颜色辨别有重要作用。
6. Photoreceptor cell loss of both rod and cone cells followed a similar time course after retinal detachment.
凋亡是视网膜脱离后光感受器细胞死亡的主要病理改变。
7. Retinal tissue structural integrity, RGC neatly arranged, in the plexiform layer were more evenly; core and outer layer of cells with a neat; cone rod arranged neatly. 3.
视网膜组织结构完整，RGC排列整齐，内丛状层染色较均匀，内核层和外核层细胞排列较整齐，视锥视杆排列整齐。
8. Recent studies also found that lead could induce apoptosis in rat brain, testis, fibroblasts, lung, and retinal rod cells, which indicated that apoptosis might also play an important role in the lead toxicity.
最近许多研究还发现铅能引起大鼠脑、睾丸、成纤维、肺和视网膜细胞发生凋亡，提示细胞凋亡可能在铅毒性中起了重要的作用。
9. In 90-130 mW group, the retinal structure was integrated, but the cone and rod cells became swollen and condensed nuclei and cytoplasmic vacuolization were seen in the inner nuclear layer.
90~130mW组视网膜结构完整，视锥、视杆细胞肿胀，内颗粒层可见少量的固缩核和细胞浆空泡化。
10. Rod and cone a-waves in central retinal vein occlusion
视网膜中央静脉阻塞中视锥和视杆细胞的a波
11. Results In group 1, the number of the retinal cells expressing rod specific opsin marker in the subretinal space was significantly increased and the thickness of inner nuclear layer was also increased after the RA treatment for 16 days.
结果第1组，于注射RA后第16天，视网膜下腔表达视杆细胞特异性标记抗体的视网膜感光细胞数量增多及内核层增厚；
12. retinal rod是什么意思
12. Conclusion Fetal human retinal photoreceptors obtained by enzyme gradation digestion can survive in RPE CM for a long time and express rod specific opsin. This culture system will provide a source for human retinal photoreceptor transplantation and further studies of photoreceptors in vitro.
结论酶分层消化法所获取的人胚眼纯视网膜光感受器细胞能在体外较长时间存活，并可表达光感受器细胞特异性视紫质蛋白，将为人类视网膜光感受器细胞的移植和各种体外研究提供细胞来源。