1. 牧歌：在西方,牧歌(pastoral)是一个有悠久传统的文学品种,远在古希腊时代,诗人们用它表现牧羊人在村野和自然中的纯朴生活.牧歌作为文类,它的高峰期在文艺复兴时期,浪漫主义文学中也能见到它的身影.文学中的现实主义兴起后,

2. pastoral

2. 田园：例加将贝多芬的第三号和第六号交响曲称作<英雄>>(Eroica)和<田园>>(Pastoral)就很合适,因为这是作曲家所给予的标题;但如果称第九号交响曲为<合唱>>就不太恰当,尽避人们都是这麽称呼,但在乐谱封面上并没有这一标题.

3. 田园曲：是一种以自由形式表现出富于变狂想曲(Rhapsody) 是作曲家为具英雄气概题材、民族题材或情辞并茂的题材而作的器幻想曲(Fantasia) 是具有幻想和自由奔放特点的器乐曲,是一种含有浪漫色彩而无固田园曲(Pastoral) 曲调柔和,是模仿

4. 乡村的：10. secularization 世俗化,脱离教会 | 11. pastoral 乡村的 | 12. bleak 荒凉的

1. 牧师的；牧灵的；教牧的
    The pastoral duties of a priest or other religious leader involve looking after the people he or she has responsibility for, especially by helping them with their personal problems.

    e.g. ...the pastoral care of the sick...
           牧师对病人的关怀
    e.g. Many churches provide excellent pastoral counselling.
           很多教堂提供出色的牧灵辅导。

2. （教师对学生）生活辅导的
    If a school offers pastoral care, it is concerned with the personal needs and problems of its pupils, not just with their schoolwork.

    e.g. A few schools now offer counselling sessions; all have some system of pastoral care.
           一些学校现在开设咨询课；所有学校都有某种教导关怀体制。

3. 田园式的
    A pastoral place, atmosphere, or idea is characteristic of peaceful country life and scenery.

    e.g. ...the pastoral beauty of a park.
           公园里的田园式美景
    e.g. ...a tranquil pastoral scene.
           恬静的田园风光

4. 畜牧的；放牧的
    A pastoral way of life is one in which people keep animals such as cows and sheep that feed off the land.

    e.g. ...the Israelites, who were a pastoral people.
           曾经是游牧民族的以色列人
    e.g. ...a system of pastoral farming.
           畜牧体系

1. a literary work idealizing the rural life (especially the life of shepherds)

2. a letter from a pastor to the congregation

3. a musical composition that evokes rural life

    Synonym: pastoraleidyllidyl

1. (used with regard to idealized country life) idyllically rustic

    e.g. a country life of arcadian contentment
           a pleasant bucolic scene
           charming in its pastoral setting
           rustic tranquility

    Synonym: arcadianbucolic

2. of or relating to a pastor

    e.g. pastoral work
           a pastoral letter

3. relating to shepherds or herdsmen or devoted to raising sheep or cattle

    e.g. pastoral seminomadic people
           pastoral land
           a pastoral economy

    Synonym: bucolic