1.
1. The geographic distribution of the ADH1B*47His allele in these populations indicates a clear east-to-west cline, and it is dominant in south-eastern populations but rare in Tibetan populations.
研究认为，这种自然选择的压力表现在，该基因突变的出现是为了保护早期农民，阻止其过量饮酒从而减轻乙醇对身体的伤害，但同时又能利用大米经发酵后产生的较高营养价值。
2. By analyzing the frequency of the dominant allele, it is strictly proved that multi-parent diagonal crossover and uniform scanning crossover do not cause a genetic drift, but multi-parent occurrence-based scanning crossover induces a strong genetic drift that augments with the increasing of the number of parents.
应用基于基因出现频率的多父代扫描交叉的仿真遗传优化实验的数据表明，重组的遗传漂移不但导致种群多样度的急剧下降，而且降低了进化搜索的收敛速度，从而降低了进化搜索的性能。
3.
3. Dominant white locus is one of the major loci affecting feather color in the domestic chicken and its dominant allele I can inhibit the synthesis of the melanin.
显性白羽基因座是影响鸡羽色形成的重要基因座位之一，该基因座上的显性等位基因I会抑制黑色素合成，从而使携带该基因的个体全身羽毛呈现白色。
4. Usually only one of these, the dominant allele, is expressed in the phenotype.
通常只有其中的一个显性等位基因在表型中表达。
5. The dominant allele at the DEP1 locus is a gain-of-function mutation causing truncation of a phosphatidy lethanolamine-binding protein-like domain protein.
在DEP1位点上占主导地位的等位基因是一个功能获得性突变，这种突变可造成磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白如结构域蛋白的切断。
6. At MDH-1 one moderately migrated allele is shared and dominant in all four species.
在所研究种群中的MDH-1图谱中，一个中等迁移率的谱带存在于所研究的4个种群中。
7. For carcass traits, significant effects were observed for this locus on BFT1 and BFT2; For meat quality traits, this locus was near to significantly associated with pH and pH and seemed to be dominant in action.(5) LMCD1 gene was highly expressed in heart and muscle while it had a broad expression spectrum across all tissues examined.3、NRAP (Nebulin-related anchoring protein):(1) The full coding sequence of LargeWhite, Landrace and Meishan breeds were isolated. The nucleotide sequence of 5''RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA end) and intron 39 and 40 have been deposited to GenBank under accession number DQ157553 and DQ480149.(2) 35 SNPs were identified by comparing sequences, three of which resulted in amino acid change.(3) PCR-Eco721-RFLP was developed to detect A/G substitution in intron 39. In unrelated pigs from eight breeds, both allele A and B were found in Chinese pig breeds, while only B was in LargeWhite and Landrace.(4) Association analysis in 302 F_2 animals showed significant associations between Eco721-RFLP genotypes with BWT, CFW, LEH and BFT1 for carcass traits and pH, pH, MCV1, MCV2, DLR and WHC for meat quality traits. This locus was predominant in dominance for carcass trait, but in addition for meat quality.(5) NRAP mRNA was transcribed especially in heart and skeleton muscle.4、ECH1 (Enoyl CoA hydratase 1):(1) The full coding sequence of LargeWhite, Landrace and Meishan breeds, 5''RACE and all introns except intron 3 were isolated and deposited to GenBank under accession number DQ157552 and DQ480146DQ157552.(2) 17 SNPs were identified, of which one was cSNP.(3) Two A/G substitution were detected by PCR-BamHⅠ-RFLP in intron 1 and PCR- PstⅠ-RFLP in intron 5 separately, and T/C mutation in exon 4 was detected by PCR-SSCP. Among seven different pig breeds examined, results of BamHⅠ-RFLP in intron 1 showed that the frequency of allele B was near to 1 in LargeWhite and Landrace; both allele A and B were found in Chinese pig breeds, and allele B was predominant in other breeds except Meishan and Qingping. For PCR- PstⅠ-RFLP in intron 5, in seven commercial pig breeds, both alleles C and D were detected in all other examined breeds except Jianli pig which only had allele D.(4) Association analysis in 296 F_2 animals showed significant associations between BamHⅠ-RFLP genotypes and CFW, LEH and WM. And this locus seemed to be dominant in action. For PCR- PstⅠ-RFLP in intron 5 in 306 F_2 animals, for carcass traits, significant effects were observed for this locus on DP and AST; For meat quality traits, this locus was significantly associated with MCV2.(5) Expression of ECH1 gene can be detected in all tissues examined: heart, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, stomach, small intestine, muscle and fat.5、CKMT2 (creatine kinase, mitochondrial 2):(1) The full coding sequence of LargeWhite, Landrace and Meishan breeds were isolated and deposited GenBank under accession number DQ363337. In addition, the sequence of intron 4 can be seen in appendix 14.(2) Of nine SNPs identified within these sequences, three of which resulted in amino acid change.(3) An PCR- MspⅠ-RFLP was developed to detect the A/G polymorphism in intron 4. Among nine pig breeds examined, allele B was 1 or near to 1 in Meishan and Erhualian, while in other seven breeds all were 1 of allele A.(4) 302 F_2 animals were typed for association analysis. For carcass traits, significant effects were observed for this locus on BWT, IFR, FMP, CL, BFT1, BFT2 and BFT3, and their additive effects were predominant; For meat quality traits, this locus was significantly associated with WM.(5) Expression of CKMT2 gene was predominant in heart and skeleton muscle and moderate in lung, kidney and fat, although a weak signal was observed for liver, ovary and testis, and no expression in spleen, stomach, small intestine and uterus.6、TTID (Titin Immunoglobulin Domain Protein):(1) The full coding sequence of LargeWhite, Landrace and Meishan breeds and sequences of all introns except intron 2 and 7 were isolated and deposited to GenBank under accession number DQ157551 and DQ480148.(2) Total 51 SNPs within these intron sequences and no mutation or deletion was found in cDNA sequences.(3) An PCR- HinfⅠ-RFLP was developed to detect T/C substitution in intron 6. Among ten pig breeds which were typed by HinfⅠ-RFLP, results showed that there were significantly different in allele frequencies between Chinese indigenous pig breeds and foreign pig breeds: the frequencies were 1 or near to1 in LargeWhite and Landrace, while allele A was predominant in other five breeds although allele B were only a bit dominant in Erxihei, Qinsping and Bamei.(4) 279 F_2 animals were typed for association analysis. For carcass Waits, significant effects were observed for this locus on SP, LEA and AST, and their additive effects were significant; For meat quality traits, this locus was significantly associated with pH, MCV1 and WM, and their additive effects were significant.(5) Expression of TTID gene was highest in skeleton muscle and heart, with weak level in fat and lung, and no signal in other tissues.7、PFKM (Phosphofructokinase Muscle Type):(1) The full cDNA sequence of LargeWhite, Landrace and Meishan breeds and sequences of 2-21 introns were isolated and deposited to GenBank under accession number DQ363336 and DQ480147. And the length of sequence of intron 1 was identified.(2) Of the 111 SNPs identified within all sequences, four of which resulted in amino acid change.(3) PCR-TaqⅠ-RFLP were developed to detect T/C substitution in exon 13 and exon 17. In unrelated individuals from seven different pig breeds, allele frequencies of the TaqⅠ-RFLP in exon 13 was compared: frequencies of allele B in LargeWhite, Landrace, Erxihei were 1 or near to 1, and a little dominant of allele B in other four Chinese pig breeds. For the same polymorphism in exon 17, the trend of allele frequencies distribution was the similar to that of exon 13.(4) For association analysis in the 214 F_2 animals, significant effects were observed for different genetype of exon 13 on BWT, IFR, FMP, LMP, RLF, LEH, BFT1, BFI2, BFT4 and ABF of carcass traits. It is notable that both additive effects and dominant effects in BWT, LMP, RLF and LEH were very significant; For meat quality traits, this locus was significantly associated with MCV2, MM1, WM and IMF. Association analysis in 241 F2 animals showed there were significant effects on BFI3 and ABF of carcass traits and on MM1, MM2, DLR, WHC, IMF and WM of meat quality traits with TaqⅠ-RFLP in exon 17.(5) Expression of PFKM gene had different levels in each examined tissue except stomach and small intestine, with highest in skeleton muscle, then in heart.8、MYLPF (myosin light chain, phosphorylatable, fast skeletal muscle):(1) The full genomic sequence of of LargeWhite, Landrace and Meishan breeds were isolated and deposited to GenBank under accession number DQ533994.(2)43 SNPs, including 5 cSNPs, were found by comparing sequences of three pig breeds, three of which resulted in amino acid change.(3) PCR-TaqⅠ-RFLP and PCR-MspⅠ-RFLP were developed to detect G/A substitution and T/C substitution in intron 1 separately. For MspⅠ-RFLP among seven different pig breeds examined, the frequency of allele B was two times of that of allele A in Landrace, while allele B were predominant in other breeds. For TaqⅠ-RFLP, the frequency of allele B was two times of that of allele A in LargeWhite and Landrace.(4) The locus of MspⅠ-RFLP was typed in 140 pigs (Landrace, LargeWhite, Meishan, LargeWhite×Landrace and Landrace×Large White pigs) to study the association between carders of different genotype and the trait values. For carcass traits, significant effects were observed for this locus on LMP, SP, LEW and LEA, with approximative significant on BFT1 and LEH(P＜0.06). This locus appeared to be additive effects with different action direction; For meat quality traits, this locus was significantly associated with MM1, MM2 and WM and IMF, which appeared to be predominant on addictive effects.(5) RT-PCR analysis of MYLPF showed its expression in all tissues examined, with highest levels in heart and skeleton muscle.
在所检测的6个猪种中，大白、长白、鄂西黑和皖南花猪种G等位基因的基因频率为1或接近1，而梅山和清平品种的等位基因G基因频率分别为0.2889和0；(4)在178头大×梅F_2代资源家系中进行标记性状关联分析，该位点与胸腰椎间背膘厚和臀部平均背膘厚差异显著，该位点以显性作用方式为主，且方向一致；(5)该基因在所检测的各组织中均有表达，在心脏和肌肉中表达量最高。3、NRAP(Nebulin-related anchoring protein，伴肌动蛋白相关锚定蛋白)：(1)获得了大白猪、杜洛克猪、梅山猪三个猪种基因编码序列、5`RACE(rapid amplificationof cDNA end，快速扩增cDNA末端)及其第39、40内含子序列，序列已提交到GenBank中，登录号为DQ157553和DQ480149；(2)发现了35个SNPs，其中3处预测可导致氨基酸改变；(3)建立了第39内含子A／G替换的PCR-Eco721-RFLP分型方法；在所检测的8个猪种中，大白、长白猪种B等位基因的基因频率为1，中国地方猪群可检测到A和B等位基因；(4)在302头大×梅F_2代资源家系中进行标记性状关联分析，该位点与出生重、内脂率、眼肌高度、肩部背膘厚、背最长肌pH值、失水力、系水力、背最长肌肌肉色值、股二头肌pH值和股二头肌色值显著或极显著相关，该位点在胴体性状以显性作用方式为主，肉质性状则以加性作用为主；(5)该基因特异性的在心脏和骨骼肌中表达。4、ECHI (Enoyl CoA hydramse 1，烯酯酰辅酶A水合酶1)：(1)获得了大白猪、长白猪、梅山猪三个猪种基因编码序列、5`RACE及第3内含子外的所有内含子序列，并提交到序列的GenBank登录号为DQ157552和DQ480146；(2)序列比对发现了17个SNPs，其中1处cSNP；(3)建立了第1内含子A／G替换的PCR-BamHⅠ-RFLP、第5内含子A／G替换的PCR-PstⅠ-RFLP分型方法和第4外显子T／C突变的PCR-SSCP分型方法；第1内含子的酶切多态，在所检测的7个猪种中，大白和长白猪种B等位基因的基因频率接近为1，而中国猪种均可检测到A和B等位基因，除清平猪种外，其余品种均为B等位基因占优势；关于第5内含子多态性分布，在所检测的7个猪种中，监利猪未检测到A等位基因，其余猪种均可检测到A和B等位基因，均为B等位基因占优势；(4)在296头大×梅F_2代资源家系中进行标记性状关联分析，第1内含子多态的不同基因型间内脂率、眼肌高度和肌内水分等生产性状差异显著，以显性效应为主；在306头大×梅F_2代资源家系中进行标记性状关联分析，第5内含子位点与屠宰率、平均皮厚和股二头肌色值差异显著；(5)该基因在所检测的9个组织中均表达。5、CKMT2 crcatine kinase，mitochondrial 2(sarcomeric，肌节线粒体肌酸激酶2：(1)获得了大白猪、长白猪、梅山猪三个猪种基因cDNA序列，该基因GenBank登录号为DQ363337，获得的第4内含子序列见附录14；(2)序列比对，发现了9个SNPs，其中3处预测可导致氨基酸改变；(3)建立了第4内含子A／G替换的PCR-MspⅠ-RFLP分型方法，在检测的9个猪种中，梅山和二花脸猪中B等位基因频率为1或接近1，其他7个猪种均为A等位基因频率为1；(4)在302头大×梅F_2代资源家系中进行标记性状关联分析，该位点与出生重、内脂率、肥肉率、胴体长、肩部背膘厚、胸腰椎间背膘厚、臀部背膘厚和肌内水分等性状差异显著，以加性作用方式为主；(5)该基因在心脏和骨骼肌中表达丰度最高，在脾脏、胃、小肠和子宫中不表达，在其余组织不同程度的表达。6、TTID (Titin Immunoglobul in Domain Protein；肌联蛋白免疫球蛋白区域蛋白)：(1)获得了大白猪、长白猪、梅山猪三个猪种基因全长cDNA序列以及除第2、7内含子外的所有内含子序列，提交到GenBank的登录号为DQ157551和DQ480148；(2)序列比对发现了51个SNPs，该基因cDNA中没有发现碱基突变或缺失；(3)建立了第6内含子T／C替换的PCR-HinfⅠ-RFLP分型方法，在检测的10个猪种中，在大白和长白猪种中B等位基因的频率为1或是接近1，国内品种中除鄂西黑猪、清平猪和八眉猪中B等位基因频率略占优势外，其余5个品种均为A等位基因占绝对优势；(4)在279头大×梅F_2代资源家系中进行标记性状关联分析，胴体性状方面，该位点与皮率和眼肌面积差异显著，与平均皮厚差异极显著；并且表现为加性效应显著或极显著，肉质方面，该位点与股二头肌pH值、背最长肌和肌内水分差异显著，表现为显性效应显著；(5)该基因在心脏和骨骼肌中表达量很高，在脂肪和肺中微量表达，其余组织中不表达。7、PFKM (Phosphofructokinase Muscle Type，肌型磷酸果糖激酶)：(1)获得了大白猪、长白猪、梅山猪三个猪种基因全长cDNA序列及第2到21内含子序列，验证猪中第1内含子的大小，序列GenBank的登录号为DQ363336和DQ480147；(2)序列比对发现了111处SNPs，其中4处预测可导致氨基酸改变；(3)建立了第13外显子T／C替换和第17外显子的PCR-TaqⅠ-RFLP分型方法，在所检测的7个猪种中，第13外显子多态性分布频率在检测的大白、长白和鄂西黑猪中B等位基因频率为1，另外四个国内猪种均为B等位基因占优势，在所检测的7个猪种中，第17外显子多态性分布频率基本同第13外显子位点的分布，(4)在214头大×梅F_2代资源家系中进行标记性状关联分析，第13外显子位点基因型不同时，出生重、内脂率、肥肉率、瘦肉率、瘦肥比率、眼肌高度、6—7胸腰椎间背膘厚、胸腰椎间背膘厚、肩部背膘厚、三点平均背膘厚、股二头肌色值、背最长肌大理石纹、肌内水分和肌内脂肪差异显著或极显著；该位点在部分胴体性状加性效应和显性效应均为极显著；在241头大×梅F_2代资源家系中进行标记性状关联分析，第17外显子位点与眼肌高度、臀部背膘厚、三点平均背膘厚、大理石纹、失水率、系水力、肌内脂肪和肌内水分差异显著或极显著；(5)该基因在心脏和骨骼肌中表达量很高，胃和小肠没有表达，其他组织均有不同程度的表达。8、MYLPF (myosin light chain，phosphorylatable，fast skeletal muscle，肌浆球蛋白轻链可磷酸化蛋白)：(1)获得了大白猪、长白猪和梅山猪的基因组序列；序列GenBank的登录号为DQ533994；(2)序列比对，发现了43处SNPs，有5处cSNPs，其中3处预测可导致氨基酸改变；(3)建立了第1内含子G／A替换的PCR-TaqⅠ-RFLP和TIC替换的PCR-MspⅠ-RFLP分型方法；在所检测的7个猪种中，第1内含子MspⅠ-RFLP多态性分布频率在长白猪中A等位基因与B等位基因频率的比例大约为1：2，其余猪种为B等位基因占绝对优势；在所检测的7个猪种中，第1内含子TaqⅠ-RFLP多态性分布频率，在大白和长白猪中A等位基因与B等位基因频率的比例大约为1：2，国内猪种均为B等位基因占绝对优势；(4)在140头试验猪群(长白、梅山、长白、长白×大白、大白×长白)中进行标记性状关联分析，基因型不同时，瘦肉率、皮率、股二头肌大理石纹、背最长肌大理石纹和肌内水分差异显著，眼肌宽度、眼肌面积和肌内脂肪差异极显著，肩部背膘厚和眼肌高度差异接近显著水平；该位点在这些性状上均表现为加性作用方式，但作用方向不同；(5)该基因在各组织中均有表达，尤以心脏和骨骼肌中表达丰度最高。
8. Ten F3 families from selfing of F2 with phenotype Ipresented type I; 10 F3 families from selfing of F2 with phenotype IIpresented type II; 10 F3 families from selfing of F2 with phenotypeIII presented segregation in type III and type II. Considering theresults mentioned above, a genetic model for inheritance of the self-incompatibility was put forward. The self-incompatibility wascontrolled by a multiple allele Si and another independent gene M-m. Si determined compatible or incompatible, but its realization wasrelated to the function of M-m gene. M-m expressed epistaticrecessives over Si and only acted on stigma. The relationship among Smultiple allele might be codominant or dominant. X2 test showed thatthe coincident degree of experimental result to theoretical modelwas over 10％.
根据以上试验结果提出了自交不亲和性的遗传模式，认为自交不亲和性的表型由Si位点复等位基因和与其独立遗传的M-m基因共同决定，Si基因决定亲和与否，而亲和性能否实现又与M-m基因的作用有关，M-m基因对Si基因起隐性上位作用，并且仅在柱头方面起作用，S位点的复等位基因之间的遗传关系可以是共显性，也可以是显隐关系。X2检验结果证明，实际试验结果与理论模型的符合度大于10％，符合模型。
9. Remember, the normal allele (A) is dominant to the mutant allele (a) in our albino example, so the three genotypes can have one of two appearances.
请记住，正常等位基因（A）是显性突变等位基因（a）在我们的白化例子，所以这三个基因型能有一两个亮相。
10. The normal allele is dominant to the mutant allele.
正常的等位基因是显性突变的等位基因。
11. The dominant allele usually controls the normal form of the gene, while mutations are generally recessive.
显性基因通常控制基因的一般形式，而突变通常是隐性的。
12. Thus organism''s phenotype-its physical appearance and properties-differs from its genotype, which may include both a dominant and recessive allele.
因此，有机体的表现型它的物理表型和性能与它的基因型不同，可能含有一个显性和一个隐性等位基因。
13. The Gal allele is partially dominant to gal, whereas the Gat allele has a moderately strong cross-incompatibility.
Gal表现为部分显性，而Gat具有中等强度的杂交不亲和性。
14.
14. If a trait or disorder occurs when only one allele is a ormal, the disorder is said to be dominant. A disorder is said to be rece ive if it occurs only when both alleles at the loci on both chromosomes are a ormal.
如果某一特征或疾病，在仅有一个等位基因异常时就出现，称为显性的，如果要在两个染色体的位点上两个等位基因都异常才出现，则称为隐性的。
15. dominant allele
15. Meanwhile, an analysis of CSSL graphical genetypes also showed that there was a positive allele on the IR24 chromosome substitution segment delimited by RFLP marker C609 and C506 with approximate 15 cM interval, proving the existence of qTA-9. The TA-9I could increase tiller angle by about 15o in japonica Asominori background under the two environments. The measurement of the F1 cross between background parent and CSSL AIS68 with TA-9I and the analysis of F2 population indicated that the TA-9I was an incomplete dominant gene.
利用CSSL群体图示基因型分析，证实在第9染色体上含有RFLP标记C609和C506约15 cM的染色体区段，存在增加分蘖角度的基因，来源于染色体片段供体亲本IR24，在Asominori的遗传背景中能增加分蘖角度约15o，该基因的位置与RIL群体在第9染色体上定位的QTL相同，证实了qTA-9的存在。F1表型测定及F2代遗传分析表明，来自IR24的等位基因是一个不完全显性基因。
16. Analysis of population genetics suggested that the frequency of A allele was dominant among the studied breeds except thoroughbred horse.
群体遗传学分析结果表明：除纯血马外，其余品种都是等位基因A为优势基因；
17. dominant allele的近义词
17. The brown eye form of the eye color gene (or allele) is dominant, whereas the blue eye allele is recessive.
控制眼睛颜色的基因（等位基因），棕眼为显性，蓝眼为隐性。
18. Allele A was the dominant gene, AB genotype was the dominant type in the population.
在该群体中AB基因型居多，AA、BB基因型的检出率相对比较低，等位基因A为优势基因，AB基因型为优势基因型。
19. When an organism is heterozygous for a trait, the resulting phenotype for that trait expresses only the dominant allele.
当一个有机体的一种特性是杂合的，这种特性产生的表现型就只表达显性等位基因额特性。
20. The A allele was the dominant allele in the most domestic pig populations investigated, while the B allele was the dominant allele in Meis-han pigs, Wuzhishan pigs, Tibetan pigs and Rongehang pigs.
A等位基因在大多数家猪群体中为优势等位基因，B等位基因在梅山猪、五指山猪、藏猪、荣昌猪中为优势等位基因；