1. 冻原：(7)冻原(tundra) 是寒带的典型植被,在高山树线以上则存在着高山冻原. 冻原植物种类贫乏,以苔藓和地衣占优势,并散生有一些灌木或小灌木. 冻原在欧洲大陆和北美均有分布,中国没有极地冻原而有高山冻原.
2. tundra
2. 冻土：这对於地处极圈附近,地形大都是冻土(Tundra)的城市很有帮助. 通常为了资源才会在极圈附近建设的城市,因为四周没有很多可以产出食物的地形,所以人口成长常会受到限制,透过生物学的帮忙,多少可以增加一点人口的成长率吧.
3. 苔原冻原：凝灰岩 tuff | 苔原 ; 冻原 tundra | 苔原气候 ; 冻原气候 tundra climate
1. 冻原;苔原
Tundra is one of the large flat areas of land in the north of Europe, Asia, and America. The ground below the top layer of soil is always frozen and no trees grow there.
noun
1. a vast treeless plain in the Arctic regions where the subsoil is permanently frozen