形容词unconsciousforcedmechanicalunintentionalunthinkingunwillingautomaticspontaneouscompulsiveinstinctivereflex

形容词voluntary

1. He gave an involuntary smile.
    他勉强笑了笑。

2. Sneezing is involuntary.
    打喷嚏是不由自主的。

1. 不随意的：正如前面提及的那样,通过本能活动,我们了解了有目的的(purposive)、不随意的(involuntary)、半冲动的(half impulsive)和半反射的(half reflex)一些情况.

2.

2. 非自愿的：在学校里,学生基本上是一种非自愿的(involuntary)角色,因为学生受法律强制而来到学校. 如同在家庭中处于家长的控制之下一样,学生在学校中处于作为社会代表者的教师控制之下. [11]两者不同的学校社会角色注定了他们不同的利益需求.

3. 不随意：随意(voluntary)和不随意(involuntary)在科学中的应用,最早是生理学,用以描述肌肉活动. 现在,它们已经用于各种心理活动,并且在静态的二分法之上又提出了相对不随意这一新概念. 显然,相对不随意一语更能描述心理的发育和成长;当然,也描述了神经症

4. 非志愿：involuntary 不随意的 | involuntary 非志愿 | involuntary attention 不随意注意

1. 不由自主的;不自觉的
    If you make an involuntary movement or exclamation, you make it suddenly and without intending to because you are unable to control yourself.

    e.g. Another surge of pain in my ankle caused me to give an involuntary shudder.
           脚踝突然又一阵疼痛，痛得我直打哆嗦。

2. 强迫的;非自愿的
    You use involuntary to describe an action or situation which is forced on someone.

    e.g. ...insurance policies that cover involuntary unemployment...
           涵盖非自愿失业的保险单
    e.g. Involuntary repatriation of Haitians began this week.
           这周已开始将海地人强制遣送回国。