1. 到如今：by no means 决不 | by now 到如今 | by ones and twos 零零落落地

2. 现在：by mistake 弄错 | by now 现在 | by sea 由海路

3. 直到现在：21.Be placed second to 位于次要位置,仅次于... | 22. by now 直到现在 | 1 if not 如果不.... If so 如果这样,

4.

4. 这时,到此刻为止：An owl comes out by night. 猫头鹰在夜里出来. | by now这时,到此刻为止: | This is the third time you have been late by now. 到现在为止,你是第三次迟到了.